Advanced new batteries are being developed, with some already on the market. The latest generation of grid scale storage batteries have a higher capacity, a higher efficiency, and are longer-lasting. Specific energy densities to gradually improve as next-generation technologies become ready for mass deployment. S&P Global has defined three new generation batteries to lithium-ion batteries, including Gr(graphene)-Si Anode / High-Ni Cathode, Solid State Battery (SSB), Lithium Sulphur batteries. (1)

      The feature of high-Ni cathodes is their high energy density and good rate capability. However, they face challenges when operating at high voltage, including surface degradation, gas release, and rapid capacity attenuation. However, when operating at high voltage, Ni-rich cathode materials face several challenges, including surface degradation, gas release, and rapid capacity attenuation. The high working voltage can cause serious side reactions between the Ni-rich cathode materials and the electrolytes, resulting in the formation of a solid phase interface film, which shows high resistance on the cathode surface.

       Gr-Si anode is a composite electrode made of graphene and silicon, which has several features and benefits. Silicon anode materials can deliver capacities up to 5 times higher than graphite in Li-ion batteries, which makes them highly suitable for EV Battery use. The Gr-Si anode has the potential to improve the efficiency of Li-ion batteries, which is important for electric vehicles and other applications.

       Solid-state batteries are a type of battery that uses solid electrodes and a solid electrolyte instead of the liquid or polymer gel electrolytes found in traditional Li-ion or batteries. This could provide us potential solutions for many problems of liquid Li-ion batteries, such as flammability, limited voltage, unstable solid-electrolyte interphase formation, poor cycling performance, and strength. Many of the solid-state batteries constructed thus far are based on specific types of materials, such as ceramics (e.g., oxides, sulfides, phosphates), and solid polymers. (3)

        Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that have been proposed and investigated since the 1960s as an effective energy storage device via reversible electrochemical reactions. At the anodic surface, dissolution of the metallic lithium occurs. the lithium ions in the electrolyte migrate to the cathode where the sulfur is reduced to lithium sulphide (Li₂S). The sulfur is reoxidized to S₈ during the recharge phase. Li–S batteries may displace Li-ion cells because of their higher energy density and reduced cost. Currently, research focuses on improving the sulfur content of the positive pole to increase the energy density of the battery and also designing a stable conduction structure for the battery to improve its performance. (4) Also, researchers are using an original approach for intermediate species identification to better understand the Li-S cell discharge mechanism, because there are variations of intermediate species of sulfur, and the discharge mechanism is still unclear. (5)

(1) https://www.spglobal.com/esg/s1/topic/the-future-of-battery-technology.html
(2) Nanomaterials 2022, 12(11), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111888
(3) https://ts2.space/en/advancements-in-solid-state-battery-technology-a-timeline-of-progress/
(4) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/lithium-sulfur-batteries
(5) Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 9, 3973–3980, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac2032244